Consensus or Creditability?

In our last blog we raised the issue of how truth is discovered, especially among disagreeing "experts."

We opened up the issue by pointing to Al Gore's amazing assertion, given many times, that global warming "science is settled."  His public relations world-wide blasts convinced various UN groups to announce the "settlement."  That is, until they backed off in their 2007 "Summary for Policymakers" where it had been since 2001. But how many know about this rather uncomplimentary admission!

We also noted that it is ever so true that most "experts" in any field, including theologians, tell the "facts" to suit their paymaster or publisher.  I said, "most," not "all."

Thus, what is the test of authority? Consensus or Creditable Experts? We have all learned, much to our dismay, credibility is not necessarily proved by consensus, no matter how many recognized "stars" are in the "settled consensus."

Of course, one could say that a scientific paper or theological study has been processed through a peer review group before it sees the light of day. That "settled" it!  Stamp of authority! Really?  Always?

So many "pervading dogmas," "settled" by peer reviews, have dominated medical schools, theological seminaries, and economic schools. Some of them have been painfully exploded. But what is happening in these peer reviews?

Let's take, for example the amazing rocket ride of the "hockey stick" graph in the early 1990s. That hockey stick seemed to be the lightning rod for those who had all kinds of reasons to cry out the coming horror of global warming. Everyone could see the ubiquitous graph--it became the rallying cry for gullible politicians and special interest groups. For years it was featured as the yardstick for all other suggested "causes" of global warming-the hockey stick proved it!!

The UN IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) in 2001 accepted Michael Mann's hockey stick graph and concluded that temperature increases during the 20th century were the largest of any century during the past 1000 years and that the 1990s was the warmest decade and 1998 was the warmest year, etc.  Before 2001, IPCC had been publishing the traditional view, showing that the Middle Ages was warmer than today (without burning many hydrocarbons then) and about 1300 we began the descent into the "little Ice Age" from which we have been gradually emerging since the early 1700s.

Then it got interesting. Other scientists began to check Mann's figures and they didn't add up--flawed statistical models. Peer-reviewed scientific articles appeared. Now it was a standoff--which authority should be believed?  Both had peer-review support!

Enter Edward Wegman before the U.S. House of Representative's Committee on Energy and Commerce in July, 2006. Working pro bono, he assembled an expert panel of statisticians. Result: The Wegman review repudiated Mann's hockey stick and supported the two previous objections to the hockey stick.

Then the battle field took on a new dimension: Michael Mann was a recognized paleo-climatologist and Edward Wegman was an eminently recognized statistician. Who to believe?

The crux of the debate was not theory or presuppositions but the method of analyzing data. Most crutches that had been relied on for many years to determine geological dating were tree rings, ice cores, ocean sediment, etc. But they gave only rough guesses because, I am told, that such data were affected by multiple factors that skewed definite results. 

So what to do! We turn to statisticians--a very formidable task at best. Mann's method relied on his presupposition, his hypothesis, and then applied his algorithms to prove his hypothesis.  This is not an unusual method of both science and theology--almost reverse engineering!

But Wegman searched further.  He discovered that Mann and his fellow paleoclimatologists interacted among themselves and not with the real authorities in statistical science.

In other words, the bottom line of all this, is that Mann's peer review confreres preferred the authority of consensus. Mann was an eminent paleoclimatologists and respected among his colleagues. Thus his peer reviewers were not able to catch Mann's basic errors because they were using the same limited methods and hypotheses.

In other words, always check one's peer-review group. Too often we find that one or more of the review team has already published the same kind of material--the mutual admiration society lived on.  We call it the league of the sympathetic referees!  What if all sports or contests were allowed to function like that!

 

Comments

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

Richard L. Noel, DMD

Herb has hit the nail on the head about how humans in general function in groups.  We also need to take a look at ourselves and guard against the same mistakes in the church.  If we chose to simply crawl in a cave with our friends who agree with us, we will end up with a great surprise at the return of Jesus.  Our cave may just fall on us.  I thank AT for having a forum to allow us to interact in a constructive way on all issues affecting the SDA church and our mission in this sinful world.

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

Good article Herb.

regards,

pat

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

These are good points that are relevant for all disciplines.
 
However, regarding the specific issue  of the "Summary of Policymakers," I think you are misleading your readers by making it sound like the panel backed away from a belief in human-caused climate change.
 
Some readers may respect the summary and some may not, but to accurately convey its content is important. While I agree this issue is not "settled," the paper states:
 
"Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations."
 
Readers can view the 2007 summary at http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_SPM.pdf.
 
Grace and peace,
Jeff

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

Jeff shows his more than sophomoric interest in the issue of "global warming." Of course, the spin has changed to "climate change."  Jeff's  reference to the IPCC 2007 "Summary" is more than interesting--it surely appears most creditable. But the IPCC reports in previous years, as well as 2007, have been exposed as cleverly biased by the final writers's governmental or business predilections. I have been following Dr.Richard Lindzen's appraisals, himself one of the lead contributors to the IPCC reports. For instance, Lindzen's Wall Street Journal's  article, "Climate of Fear," April 12, 2006, opened my eyes:

"How can a barely discernible, one-degree increase in the recorded global mean temperature since the late 19th century possibly gain public acceptance as the source of recent weather catastrophes? And how can it translale into unlikely claims about future catastrophe?

"The answer has much to do with misunderstanding the science of climate, plus a willingness to debase climate science into a triangle of alarmism. Ambiguous scientific statements about climate are hyped by those with a vested interest in alarm, thus raising the political stakes for policymakers who provide funds for more science research to feed more alarm to increase the political stakes. . . . The success of climate alarmist can be counted in the increased federal spending on climate research from a few hundred million dollars pre-1990 to $1.7 billion today. It can also be seen in heightened spending on solar, wind, hydrogen, ethanol, and clean, coal technologies, as well as on other energy-investment decisions.

"But there is a more sinister side to this feeding frenzy. Scientists who dissent from the alarmism have seen their grant funds disappear, their work derided, and themselves libeled as industry stooges, scientific hacks, or worse.  Consequently, lies about climate chanae gain credence even when they fly in the face of the science that supposely is their basis.

"Alarm rather than genuine scienfitic curiosity, it sppears, is essential to maintaining funding.  And only the most senior scientists yoday can stand up against this alarmist gale and defy the iron triangle of climate scientists, advocates and policymakers.

A few month's later, Lindzen wrote another article for WSJ (July 2, 2006), "Don't Believe the Hype" in which, among other insights, he warned that the media specializes in misinformed "hype" as seen in CNN's response to the IPCC report: "a unanimous decision that global warming is real, is gettting worse, and is due to man. There is no wiggle room." !!

I guess this is what I mean by my concern in rewarding "consensus of specialists" (whether in scientific or theological circles) over against "creditable" research.  Thanks, Jeff,  for your thoughtfulness. Cheers, Herb

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

Just as a point of clarification, I did not state my views on the veracity of the IPCC summary. I was simply clarifying what it states.
As an avid WSJ reader, my father-in-law keeps me up to date on its publishings on the global warming issue. Multiple perspectives are healthy indeed. Grace and peace, Jeff

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

I thought Michael Mann was the film maker who directed "Heat" and "Miami Vice."  Who knew he also did statistics?

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

A good article about the IPCC's "hockey stick" graph is here:

http://www.uoguelph.ca/~rmckitri/research/McKitrick-hockeystick.pdf.

Mann was using the thickness of tree rings as a proxy for temperature, the idea being that in warmer years, the trees grow more, creating a thicker ring.  The problem with such a proxy, however, is that any number of things could cause a tree to grow more during a particular growing season, including CO2, which is essentially tree fertilizer.  Of course, the whole thesis of global warming in that CO2 causes temperature increases.  But if CO2 would also cause an increase in tree ring thickness, and everyone acknowledges that it could, and you had an increase in CO2, then you could have an increase in tee ring thickness without an increase in temperature.  Does anyone else see a logical problem with using tree ring thickness as a proxy for temperature?  A scientist I was talking to last week confided to me that scientists often "are not good at basic logic."  No kidding. 

But, believe it or not, that wasn't the fraudulent part.  Mann data-mined to find one sequence of tree ring measurements on California Bristlecone pines that showed a pronounced uptick in thickness during the 20th Century, then he weighted these measurements about 400 times as heavily as any other measurement in his statistical study, and that created the hockey stick graph.  But the people who studied those pines had already indicated in their original paper that the Bristlecones were not suitable climate proxies:

"These trees . . . all turned out to exhibit a 20th Century growth spurt that has not been fully explained but is likely to be at least in part due to CO2 fertilization and is known not to be a temperature signal since it does not match nearby temperature records.  The original authors (and others) have stressed that they are not proper climate proxies."

So when the unsuitable Bristlecone pine rings were removed from Mann's numbers, poof, there went the hockey stick: 

"Without the Bristlecone pines, the overall MBH98 results would not have a hockey stick shape, instead it would have a pronounced peak in the mid 15th Century."

As Mark Twain once said, there are three kinds of lies:  lies, damn lies, and statistics.  The "hockey stick" graph is great example of "statistics" in the Twainian sense of that term.  

Re: Consensus or Creditability?

Herb, 

Luther noticed the same dynamic among his critics. He referred to it as "Mules scratching each other."

Herbert Douglass's picture
Herbert DouglassHerbert Edgar Douglass, president emeritus of Weimar Center for Health and Education, held positions as Professor of Religion at Pacific Union College, Head of the Religion department, Dean of the College, and President of Atlantic Union College, Associate Editor, Review and Herald, and Vice President of Pacific Press Publishing Association. In 2008, he was given the Living Legend recognition at Atlantic Union College. Dr. Douglass is the author of 24 books and received his Doctoral degree at Pacific School of Religion, Berkeley, California.